Blood Pressure Questions
You have found a purse on the street near a lot of broken glass and skid marks. Inside the purse you find no identification, but a lot of medications issued by different physicians. They include:
A strong diuretic (a medicine that causes fluid to be lost in the urine)
A potassium supplement
An ACE inhibitor
A calcium-channel blocker
What inferences can you make about the person who lost this purse? Give the
physiological basis for your reasoning (that is, don't just look up the medications.
You should be able to solve this without looking them up, just using your physiology).
Respiration and O2 Questions
Explain why each of these persons has
trouble supplying Oxygen to their cells.
1. Someone without surfactant
2. Someone whose phrenic nerve is cut
3. Someone who has inactive bone marrow
due to chemotherapy
4. Someone who has an enlarged spleen
5. Someone who has disseminated
intravascular clotting in the pulmonary arterioles
6. Someone who has fluid in the alveoli
due to pneumonia
7. Someone who has a malformed
epiglottis due to a birth defect
8. Someone who has a stab wound
perforating the body wall between the 5th and 6th ribs
9. Someone who has had both kidneys
removed
10. Someone who has reduced lung
compliance
12. Someone who has reduced lung
elasticity
More Respiration and O2 Questions
What effect will each of the following
have on oxygen delivery to tissues? Why?
1. Alkalosis
2. Inability to make 2,3 DPG
3. Lack of iron in the diet
4. Hemoglobin with an increased O2
affinity
5. Acid injected into the cerebrospinal
fluid
6. A person with long-term bronchitis
is given a high dose of O2
Ventilation Questions
1. A man's ventilation rate decreased
due to bronchitis. His blood pH was 7.20 after one day. What will his urine H+
and K+ levels be like? Why?
2. A woman with kidney disease has
urine containing high levels of K+, Na+, Ca2+, glucose, and amino acids. What
portion of her nephrons has been affected by the disease?
3. After abdominal surgery, a client's
urine changed in composition. It became very high in K+ ions. What do you infer
about the client's condition? Why?
Digestion and Calcium Balance
10. How does each of the following
affect blood calcium levels?
Vitamin
D
Kidneys
Parathyroid
Hormone
11. To treat his ulcers, Mr. F took
large doses of Calcium carbonate. He developed high serum calcium. How will his
body correct this problem?
12. While Mr. F had high serum Calcium,
he began to show signs of weakness. How could his high Calcium levels have
caused this?
13. Mrs. P has severe inflammation of
the pancreas. She shows the following signs and symptoms: weight loss, stools
containing fat and meat fibers, protein-digesting enzymes in her blood, low
blood Calcium, and hyperglycemia. Why?
14. Mr. K had a thyroidectomy and his
parathyroid glands were also removed by mistake. Why could this happen? What
will it do to his blood Calcium levels?
Gastrointestinal Questions
How will normal gastrointestinal
function be affected in someone with:
1. nonfunctioning salivary glands
2. no zymogenic cells in the stomach
3. no parietal cells in the stomach
4. no mucous cells in the duodenum
5. no brush border enzymes
6. a blocked bile duct
7. a blocked pancreatic duct
8. a blocked duodenal papilla
9. a complete colostomy
10. a complete gastrectomy
11. hyperperistalsis
12. hypoperistalsis
13. A vagotomy (cut vagus nerve)
14. inability to secrete gastrin
15. too much gastrin and histamine
16. too little cholecystokinin
17. too little secretin
Pancreas Questions
Draw a map which includes all of the
following:
islets of Langerhans anabolism proteins
a cells catabolism triglycerides
b cells glucose
uptake free
fatty acids
insulin increased
blood glucose amino acids
glucagon decreased blood glucose blood pH
liver glycogen
What will happen to someone who:
1. has hyperactive a cells
2. has hypoactive a cells
3. has hyperactive b cells
4. has hypoactive b cells
5. lacks insulin receptor proteins on
the liver cells
6. A woman with diabetes mellitus
presents with the following:
blood
glucose = 320 mg/dL
urine
and breath have odor of ketones
muscle
wasting
weight
loss
heavy
breathing
increased
blood amino acid (aa) levels
increased
blood free fatty acid (ffa) levels
Draw a map explaining why she has these
problems.
7. The woman was given an injection of
insulin. Was this the right treatment? Why or why not?
8. After the injection, she passed out.
Her blood sugar was 20 mg/dL. What has happened? Why?
9. A doctor writes, "Fred's
diabetes improved when I convinced him to stop taking steroids for his
asthma." Why was Fred being given steroids to treat asthma? Why did
removing them help his diabetes?
Renal Questions
1. Make a map showing how the following
are related:
GFR Glomerular
Filtration Pressure
afferent arterioles efferent
arterioles
macula densa juxtaglomerular cells
renin angiotensinogen
angiotensin I angiotensin II
angiotensin converting enzyme
peripheral vasoconstriction
2. Explain why each of the following
diuretics works:
Furosemide - inhibits
Cl- pumps in the ascending loop of Henle.
Chlorothiazide - blocks Na+
and Cl- reabsorbtion in the distal convoluted tubule
Spironolactone - blocks
aldosterone receptors on the connecting segment
Mannitol - is filtered
into the urine at the glomerulus but cannot be reabsorbed
Endocrine Questions
1. A man has panhypopituitarism (decreased function of all cells in the anterior
pituitary). What hormone levels will be decreased in his body? What hormone
levels will be increased (if any)? What will his urine be like? What will his
blood glucose be like?
2. A woman is hypothyroid. She has low
levels of TSH, T3, and T4 in her blood. What could be causing her problem?
3. She was given a TRH test, in which
the technician injected her with TRH and then measured her blood TSH levels.
What use is this test?
4. A man has a secreting tumor of the
GH-secreting cells in his anterior pituitary. What will his blood sugar be
like?
Fetal Development Questions
What might happen to a baby if:
1. Its foramen ovale remained open after
birth?
2. Its ductus arteriosus remained open
after birth?
3. Its ductus venosus remained open
after birth?
4. It continued to synthesize only fetal hemoglobin after birth?